Magnesium in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes
Magnesium in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes
Nutrients 2021, 13, 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020320
Gabriele Piuri1,+, Monica Zocchi h+ , 1 , 2 ,
Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti 1,3 , Luciano Pinotti 2 , Jeanette A. Maier1 and Roberta Cazzola 1,*0
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; gabriele.piuri@unimi.it (G.P.); monica.zocchi@unimi.it (M.Z.); matteo.dellaporta@unimi.it (M.D.P.); valentina.ficara@unimi.t (V.F.); gianvincenzo.zuccotti@unimi.it (G.V.Z.); jeanette.maier@unimi.it (J.A.M.)
Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; michele.manoni@unimi.it (M.M.); luciano.pinotti@unimi.it (L.P.)
Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini, 2154 Milan, Italy * Correspondence: roberta.cazzola@unimi.it
- These authors contributed equally to this work.
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Magnesium (Mg2+) deficiency is probably the most underestimated electrolyte imbalance in Western countries. It is frequent in obese patients, subjects with type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, both in adulthood and in childhood. This narrative review aims to offer insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms linking Mg2+ deficiency with obesity and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Literature highlights critical issues about the treatment of Mg2+ deficiency, such as the lack of a clear definition of Mg2+ nutritional status, the use of different Mg2+ salts and dosage and the different duration of the Mg2+ supplementation. Despite the lack of agreement, an appropriate dietary pattern, including the right intake of Mg2+, improves metabolic syndrome by reducing blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. This occurs through the modulation of gene expression and proteomic profile as well as through a positive influence on the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the metabolism of vitamins B1 and D.
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