Handbook of Vitamin D – 700 pages – 2013

Created December 2013

Handbook of vitamin D in human health: vitamin D in human health, Prevention, treatment and toxicity

Edited by: Ronald Ross Watson

Human Health Handbooks no. 4 ISSN 2212-375X

Wageningen Academic Publishers

See also VitaminDWiki

Buy a print copy of this book at www.WageningenAcademic.com/HHH04

ISBN: 978-90-8686-210-8 e-ISBN: 978-90-8686-765-3 DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-765-3

First published, 2013

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher: Wageningen Academic Publishers P.O. Box 220 6700 AE Wageningen The Netherlands

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The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the authors.

©Wageningen Academic Publishers The Netherlands, 2013

The publisher is not responsible for possible damages, which could be a result of content derived from this publication.

Overview of key vitamin D modified conditions

  • 1. Vitamin D deficiency in the 21st century: an overview 13 S.S. Oberhelman and T.D. Thacher

  • 2. Vitamin D in health of seniors 39 F. Lauretani, M. Maggio, C. Ruggiero, G.P. Ceda and L. Ferrucci

  • 3. Vitamin D supplementation and public health policy 53 R. Babaria and R.R. Watson;

Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health

  • 4. Vitamin D and fall risk 67 J. Basran, R.L. Duckham and D.B. Hogan

  • 5. The beneficial effects of higher (adequate) vitamin D status on bone growth and muscle strength in children and adolescents 83 L.H. Foo and S.J. Whiting

  • 6. Hypovitaminosis D and muscle strength 97 T. Songpatanasilp

  • 7. Vitamin D and growth 115 H.T. Viljakainen and E. Hyppónen

  • 8. Vitamin D and arthritis 137 U.J. Haque

  • 9. High-dose vitamin D supplementation in the elderly 147 C.J. Bacon

Vitamin D and chronic disease

  • 10. Vitamin D deficiency and premature death 175 A. Zittermann and S. Prokop

  • 11. Vitamin D and hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease 193 D. Hansen

  • 12. Diseases affected by vitamin D: sun exposure 207 W.B. Grant

  • 13. Immune modulation by UV: role of vitamin D 227 P.H. Hart and S. Gorman

  • 14. Vitamin D and periodontal disease N. Garcia, D. Miley and D.A. Dixon 243

  • 15. Vitamin D and cystic fibrosis 255 T. Pincikova and M. Flodstróm-Tullberg

Vitamin D and infectious disease

  • 16. Vitamin D and respiratory infections in infants and toddlers: a nutri-shine perspective 277 .V. Balan, U.S. Babu, D.E. Godar andM.S. Calvo

  • 17. Vitamin D in HIV/AIDS: a role? 299 J.-P. Viard and J.-C. Souberbielle

  • 18. Vitamin D and tuberculosis 321 K. vinh quócLUóngandL.T.H. Nguyen

  • 19. Vitamin D and dental health 355 E. Jordan, S. Davis, P. Rakes, L.K. McCauley and J. Bashutski

  • 20. Inflammation and vitamin D 373 X. Guillot, C. Prati, N. Saidenberg-Kermanach, L. Semerano, G. Falgarone, M.C. Boissier and D. Wendling

Vitamin D and cancer

  • 21. Vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer 393 T.C. Chen and K.C. Chiang

  • 22. Vitamin D and melanoma 419 J.A. Newton-Bishop and J.A. Randerson-Moor

  • 23. Vitamin D autocrine system and prostate cancer prevention and treatment 445 T.C. Chen

  • 24. Vitamin D and esophageal cancer 465 H.G. Coleman, M.M. Cantwell and L.J. Murray

  • 25. Monitoring in vivo immune modulation by vitamin D in multiple sclerosis 475 A.-H. Muris, J. Damoiseaux and J. Smolders.

  • 26. Vitamin D and insulin sensitivity 503 B. Larrick, S. Donkin and D. Teegarden

  • 27. Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus: where are we? J. Liu 527

  • 28. Vitamin D and cardiovascular risk: hype or new hope? 549 J.L. Anderson and J.B. uhlestein

  • 29. Vitamin D and transplantation 567 M. Courbebaisse, J.C. Souberbielle and E. Thervet

  • 30. Vitamin D and bone health among people with epilepsy 589 R.A. Shellhaas, R.K. Singh and S.M. Joshi;

Women and children

  • 31. Neonatal effects of enhanced vitamin D and vitamin D for premature infants 609 H.K. Linke

  • 32. Lactation and vitamin D 633 S.N. Taylor, C.L. Wagner and B.W. Hollis

  • 33. Vitamin D replacement in pregnant women in developing countries 651 M.T. Sahu and M. Sahu

  • 34. Vitamin D in pregnancy 671 D. Dror

  • 35. Design and rationale of the VITamin D and OmegÁ-3 TriaL (VITAL) 693 S.S. Bassuk and .E. Manson

  • Index

  • About the edtior 729

Index

{SPLIT(fixedsize="y" colsize="330px|330px|330px")}

A

aBMD 85

ABPA 254, 262

absorption 19

accelerated aging 307

Acinar cells 394

acute lower respiratory infection - See: acute rejection - See: AR adaptive immunity

suppression 430

adenocarcinomas 464

adipocytes 504

adiponectin 513

gene 569

adipose tissue 513

adiposity 154, 512, 532, 610

adolescent

  • girls 86, 652

  • pregnancy 652 adverse

  • effects supplementation 122, 680

  • events 610

pregnancy 533

aetiology of melanoma 425

age

  • effects 70

  • -specific dietary intake 283

aggressive periodontitis 358

aging

  • accelerated 307

  • skin 148

telomeric 180

albuminuria 202

alcohol 392

alfacalcidol 74, 198

allelic variations in vitamin D receptor 326

allergic

  • asthma 228

  • bronchopulmonary aspergillosis - See:ABPA

  • response 375 allergy

  • food ~ 215

  • predisposition 677 ALRI 289, 638

altitude 215

alveolar

  • bone 355, 365

  • bone resorption 242

ALRI - crest heights 245

  • ridge resorption 243

type II pneumocytes 285

American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations 619

AMP-activated protein kinase 513

analogs 198, 381

  • efficacy 259

noncalcemic 401

ancillary studies 701

angiogenesis 186, 332, 399

ankylosing spondylitis patients 490

anorexia 658

antenatal services

  • in developing countries 657

in rural areas 658

anthropometry 658

in newborn infants 650, 658

anti-angiogenic effects 428

anticancer immune response 423

anticarcinogenic effects 397, 468

anticonvulsant effect 597

antifracture efficacy 108

antigen 230

  • presenting cell - See: APC

specific antibody 490

anti-inflammatory

  • effects 356

  • properties 246 antimicrobial

  • activity 247, 375

peptides 261, 286

antioxidants 426

antiproliferative

  • effect 397, 427

  • properties 185 antirachitic

  • activity 633, 642

  • deficient foods 16

  • metabolites 641 antiretroviral

  • drugs 299, 305

  • treatment 299 antiseizure

  • drugs 589

medications and bone metabolism 593

antitumor activity 401

APC 476, 492

apoptosis 186, 397, 420, 445, 468, 511

AR 573

areal bone mineral density - See: aBMD

arteriosclerosis in renal patients 570

asthma 232, 287, 677

allergic 228

atmospheric pollution 15, 651

atrial fibrillation 558

attachment apparatus of teeth 355

autoimmune

  • disease 139, 377, 475

  • encephalomyelitis 478

  • thyroiditis 380

autoimmunity 140

autophagy 309

B

Bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccination -

See: BCG vaccination bacterial vaginosis - See: BV

Barrett's esophagus 466, 468

baseline blood sample 699

B cells 377, 490

BCG vaccination 330

BD 488

Behcet's disease - See: BD

beta cells - See: pancreatic (3-cells

bile 502

biomarker 277

birth

  • status 636

  • weight 675

bisphosphonates 255

BMC 86

  • in neonates 675 BMD 108, 142, 157, 255

  • in epilepsy patients 591

  • in formula-fed infants 639

  • in HIV patients 307

BMI 302, 427

body mass index - See: BMI bone

  • as a critical endocrine organ 534

  • cross-sectional area 118

  • density scans 598

  • development 616

  • geometry 86

  • mineral content - See: BMC

  • mineral density - See: BMD; See also: aBMD (areal BMD); See also: vBMD (volumetric BMD)

  • mineralization 635

  • reabsorbing osteoclasts 379

  • resorption 358

bone health 526, 529, 695

  • breastfeeding infants 637

  • guidelines 277

  • indicator 679

  • infants 610

  • post-menopausal 633

  • reduced 425

  • supplementation 637 bone loss

  • after transplantation 566, 568

  • cortical 42 bone mass 88

  • accrual 116

  • mandibular 245

  • peak 84 bone size

  • and diabetic risk 533

  • and osteocalcin 534 bone turnover 85, 109

  • in epilepsy patients 592

  • markers 118, 157

brain 677

breast cancer 24, 184

breastfed infants 636, 637

supplementation 21, 638, 639

breastfeeding 620

  • bone health 637

supplementation of mothers 640

breastmilk 19, 280, 633

  • calcium 633 bronchiolitis 287, 613

BV 674

C

calcidiol - See: hydroxyvitamin D calcifediol - See: hydroxyvitamin D

calcitonin 549

calcitriol - See: dihydroxyvitamin D

calcitroic acid 450

calcium 74

  • absorption 17, 103, 260, 453, 567

  • accretion 656

  • balance 122

  • breast milk 633

  • cord blood 652

  • CVD risk of ~ supplementation 181

  • deposition 696

  • during lactation 632

  • epilepsy patients 590

  • homeostasis 102, 127, 163, 261, 354, 475, 512, 637

  • intestinal absorption 567

  • intracellular levels 511

  • optimal absorption 103

  • -rich diet 660

  • supplementation 109, 123, 124, 141, 245

  • transport 446 calculus 358 calmodulin 106

CAMP 286

cancer 183, 209, 692, 695

  • breast ~ 24, 184

  • colon ~ 161

  • colorectum 24, 183

  • esophageal ~ 464

  • geographical variation 209, 393

  • in renal TR 571

  • nonmelanoma skin — See: NMSC

  • pancreatic ~ 184, 402

  • prostate ~ 184, 444, 572

  • risk reduction 211, 571

  • sex specific impact 184

  • skin ~ 183

  • skin ~ prevention 399

  • supplementation 693

  • treatment 395

upper gastrointestinal ~ 467

carbamazepine 593

cardiac myocytes 548

cardiomyopathy 615

cardioprotective role 182

cardiovascular

  • benefits 23

  • disease - See: CVD

carrier in vitamin D supplementation 259

cathelicidin 247, 328, 356, 375, 572

  • antimicrobial peptide - See: CAMP

CD4 count 302

cell growth

  • inhibition 398

  • prostate cells 449

central nervous system - See: CNS

cerebral palsy 597

CF 254

  • European ~ bone mineralisation

guidelines 258

  • long term complications 254

  • supplementation 255

  • transmembrane regulator - See: CFTR

CFTR 262

chemokine 286

cholecystectomy 393

chondrocyte metabolism 379

chromosome 20 323

chronic

  • allograft deterioration 573

  • immune diseases 226

  • inflammation 429

kidney disease - See: CKD

circulating monocytes 489

CKD 182

clinical attachment 248 CNS

  • demyelination 234

  • tissue 476 coagulation 310

cod liver oil 14, 396, 432, 531

cognitive function 42

colon

  • cancer 161

tumor 399 colorectal cancer 24, 183

compliance 156, 699

complier selection 697

congestive heart failure 615

contact hypersensitivity 233

contemporary lifestyle 634

controlled environments 59

cord blood 288, 609, 636

  • calcium level 652

  • of newborns 488 cortical bone

  • loss 42

  • mass 593

C-reactive protein - See: CRP

criteria for causality 216

Crohn's disease 213, 379, 489

  • supplementation 379 CRP 379, 381, 479

  • levels 429

crushed bones 15

cumulative intake 279

cutaneous synthesis 281

during lactation 634

cutaneous tuberculosis 422

CVD 180, 214, 528, 548, 692, 695

  • confirmation of ~ diagnose 698

  • mortality 555

  • risk factors 570

  • risk in TR 570

  • risk reduction 555

supplementation 693

cyclosporine A 574

CYP24A1 478

CYP27B1 449, 478, 570

cystic fibrosis - See: CF

cytochrome P450 99, 305, 445, 447, 592

  • inhibitors 452

mutations in ~ enzymes 445

cytokine 42, 142, 212, 243, 261, 286, 320,328, 422, 429, 478, 479, 615, 673

cytosolic receptor 298

{SPLIT}

D

daily reference intake - See: DRI

DAS of RA 141 DBC - See: VDBC DC 262, 287, 476, 573

deficiency - See: VDD 7-dehydrocholesterol 99, 148, 227

dehydrocholesterol 322 demyelination 475

of central nervous system 234

dendritic cell - See: DC

dental caries 211, 361

  • sunlight exposure 362 dental plaque 355 dentin 365

dentition 611 dermal synthesis 16

diabetes mellitus 23, 229, 232, 263, 393

  • due to corticosteroid and tacrolimus

treatment 569

  • gestational - See: GDM

  • prevalence 527

  • risk reduction 532

  • type 1 213, 530, 615, 638, 678

  • type 1, incidence 527

  • type 1, latitude and risk 615

  • type 1, reduced risk 530

  • type 2 503, 531

  • type 2, global epidemic 528

  • UVB exposure 530

dialysis patients 555 dietary

  • guidelines esophageal cancer 469

  • requirements 277

supplements 362

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 16, 17, 98

  • analog 452

  • during pregnancy 671

  • functions 397

  • in cord blood 671

suppression 673 24,

25-dihydroxyvitamin D 320

disease

  • activity score - See: DAS

  • remission 489

DNA

  • damage 228

repair 233

domestic animals 124

dose 149

  • daily ~ 257

  • during pregnancy 657, 659, 660

  • for breastfeeding infants 638

  • for fall prevention 76

  • -response 150

to balance efficacy and safety 695

doxercalciferol 199

draining lymph nodes 230

DRI 59

drugs

  • antiretroviral 299, 305

  • antiseizure 589

  • immunosuppressive 567

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry - See: DXA

DXA 86, 87, 701

EAE 380 EAR 277

ecological approach 216

ectopic calcification 365

edentulism 242

EGFR 398

elastosis 211

elderly 101

  • patients 105

  • women 74 enamel 365

  • hypoplasia 363 endocrine

  • pancreas 535

  • system 99 endogenous

  • insulin secretion 507

  • synthesis 526

endothelial dysfunction in renal patients - 570

enzyme-inducing medications 592

epidermal growth factor receptor - See:EGFR

epigenetic

  • alterations 395

  • control 452

  • fetal programming 284

  • mechanisms 677 epilepsy 588

  • BMD 591

  • bone turnover 592

  • calcium intake 590

  • etiology 588

  • fracture risk 590

  • obesity 591

  • sunlight exposure 592

  • supplementation 597

treatment-resistant 590

epiphyses calcification 15

epithelial

  • barriers 261

  • cells 254

erythema 227, 229 esophageal cancer 464

  • adenocarcinoma 466

  • dietary guidelines 469

  • incidence 465

  • protective factors 464

  • racial disparities 465

  • risk 464, 467

  • squamous cell carcinoma 466 esophageal tissue 468

esoteric tests 557

Esslinger Fitness Index 88

estimated average intake - See: EAR

estradiol 632

estrogen 671

ethnic backgrounds 57

ethnicity 119, 531

excision 418

exogenous consumption 526

experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis - See: EAE

extra-osseous calcification 197

extra-renal tissues 502, 567

F

factorial design 694 falecalcitriol 200

falling 70, 105

  • definition 68

  • fear of ~ 69

  • medical costs 68

  • occurence 108

  • prevention 69, 72

  • reduction 108, 157

  • related fractures 42

  • risk factors 69

surrogate markers for risk 71

fast twitch muscle fibers 71

fat

  • accumulation of vitamin D 161

  • -soluble A 15

  • -soluble vitamin 532

  • stores 507 fatty fish 56

femur bone lengths 534

fetal

  • bone mass 118

  • femoral splaying 675

  • programming 650

  • skeletal development 675

Index

fetus 280 FFA 510

fibrogenesis 574 fibromyalgia 380

food

  • allergy 215

  • frequency questionnaire 700

  • sensitivity of infants 614

  • sources 90 foodstuffs 148 formula 635

  • fortification 620 formula-fed infants

  • BMD 639

fortification 60, 276

  • baby foods 282

  • dairy 507

  • formula 620

milk 54, 56, 124

FOXP3 expression 231

fractures 42, 68, 108, 157, 163, 255

  • epilepsy patients 590

  • renal patients 197

  • risk 177

  • risk reduction 178 frailty 45

free fatty acids - See: FFA

free radicals 333

frequency of delivery 155

G

GC protein 126

GDM 529, 533, 673

gene mutations 394

genetically modified animals 125

genomics 433

  • increased risk 614

pathway 99 genotype 125, 127

gestational

  • diabetes mellitus - See: GDM

supplementation 289

gingiva 355

gingival

  • epithelial cells 357

  • inflammation 244

recession in sheep 360

gingivitis 355

girls

  • adolescent 86, 652

  • premenarcheal 123

  • prepubertal 638 glucose

  • and pancreatic cancer 402

  • disposal 512

  • hepatic output 505

  • homeostasis 506, 512

  • lowering 263

  • supplementation 508

  • tolerance 505

GLUT4 504, 513

glycaemia 569

glycemic status 532

graft

  • rejection 380

survival in animal models 573

group-specific component protein - See: GC

protein growth consequences 611

H

HAART 308

harmful effects 429

HbA1c 673

health assessment 701

hepatic conversion 154

high-dose therapy 75, 660

highly active antiretroviral therapy - See: HAART

hip fractures 68, 108

HIV 674

  • glomerular filtration rate in patients 308

  • mother-to-child transmission 308, 613

  • related factors 302

  • supplementation 310

  • transmission during gestation 656

  • untreated infected pregnant women 308

HLA 323

homebound pregnant women 656

homeostasis 89

  • calcium 102, 127, 163, 261, 354, 475, 512, 637

  • glucose 506, 512

  • immune 478

  • mineral 98

  • phosphorus 176

  • T cell 476

human leukocyte antigen - See: HLA

1a-hydroxylase 180, 195, 692

hydroxylation 126, 444, 447

25-hydroxyvitamin D 16, 17

  • catabolism induced by

immunosuppressive drugs 567

  • cord blood 280, 671

  • deficiency 70

  • during pregnancy 671

  • half-life 149, 150

  • HIV infected persons 299, 309

  • insufficiency 70

  • levels and symptoms 102

  • recommended serum level in CF

population 258

  • response to vitamin D intake 25

  • serum concentration 54

  • status in neonates 638

  • target levels 150

  • toxicity 75

  • upper safety limit 177

usefullness of monitoring 76

hypercalcaemia 41, 103, 162, 232, 310, 381, 401, 454, 476, 558, 658, 681, 699

hypercalciuria 162, 401, 641

hyperglycaemia 511, 533

hyperinsulinemia 505, 511

hyperlipidemia 553

hyperparathyroidism 44, 105, 163, 551, 566, 568

hyperphosphatemia 195 hypertension 23, 553

hypervitaminosis D 89, 640, 658

  • and teeth 363

maternal 660

hypocalcaemia 530, 609, 615

hypophosphatemia 363

hypovitaminosis D 19, 84

  • and CVD risk 552

  • clinical signs 102

  • myopathy 105

  • wintertime 24

I

IBD 373, 379

IGF-1 124, 127, 612

IgG 262

immigrants 651 immune

  • cells 374

  • dysregulation in MS 475

  • homeostasis 478

  • regulation 354

immune response 309, 356, 475, 477

  • tuberculosis 247 immune system 139, 612

  • in lungs 285 immunoglobulin G - See: IgG immunological

  • adaptations 672

  • responses to UV-induced damage 425

immunomodulation 138, 246, 373, 492, 566

  • after transplantation 574 immunosuppression 421, 567

  • by UV exposure 228, 420

therapy 226

treatments 566 immunotherapy 429

impaired mobility 591 India 61

infant

  • growth 121

  • health 632

  • infections 614

  • plasma concentration 617

  • prematurely born 616 infants

  • supplementation 61, 121, 610 infections 422

in transplantation recipients 572

infectious diseases 211

inflammation 142, 186, 310, 400, 429

  • chronic 429

  • gingival 244

  • markers 479

  • markers in neonatal immune cells 613

  • soluble markers 491

  • synovial 379

vascular 551

inflammatory

  • bowel disease - See: IBD

  • process in tuberculosis 333

skin conditions 226

influenza A 289

innate immunity 422

  • receptors 375

  • system 286, 492

  • system response 326, 450, 613 insufficiency

  • at birth 612

  • in CF patients 256

  • in HIV infected persons 299 insulin

  • effect of parathyroid hormone on

sensitivity 512

  • endogenous ~ secretion 507

  • insensitivity 507, 528

  • -like growth factor 1 - See: IGF-1

  • receptor 504, 505, 511

  • resistance 503, 508, 569

  • -responsive tissues 504, 510

  • secretion 511, 530

  • sensitivity 503

  • skeletal muscle ~ resistance 509

  • supplementation 508 intake

  • daily reference ~ - See: DRI

  • during pregnancy 679

  • frequency during lactation 633

  • tolerable limit 58, 640

  • upper level for mothers 636 intestinal

  • malabsorption 260

vitamin D receptor expression 423

intramuscular injection 509 intrauterine

  • bone growth 119

  • nutritional deficits 117 Islets of Langerhans 394

J

Jordan 61 K

keratinocytes 422

ketoacidosis 528

ketogenic diet 597

kidney 444, 446, 611

  • disease 24, 552

  • disease, chronic - See: CKD

killer cell 428

knee cartilage loss 142 kyphosis 255

L

lactating mothers 633

lamotrigine 596

lanolin 73

latent effects 702

latitude 139, 226, 656

and diabetes type 1 530, 615

leukocyte telomere 180

linear growth 128

lipoprotein particles 552

liver 444, 446

  • meat 56

low birth weight 616

low-cost therapy 248

lower respiratory tract infection 288

low income countries 651

lungs

  • function in rats 285

  • production of vitamin D in ~ 261

lymphocytes 429, 475, 478, 489

lymphoid tissue 491 M

macrophages 329, 331, 375

mandibular bone mass 245

MART-10 452

mast cells 231 maternal

  • bone density loss 633

  • bone mineral resorption 632

  • fertility 672

  • hypervitaminosis D 660

  • intake 643

  • supplements 620

  • vitamin D status 128

matrix metalloproteinases - See: MMPs

maxacalcitol 199

MCTD 490 mDC 375

MDR 321, 325 melanin 20 melanocytes 420 melanoma

  • aetiology 425

  • cumulative hazard ratio 421

  • genetic predisposition 419

  • risk 424

  • sunburn 419 mesenchymal stem cell 127 metabolic

  • consumption 155

syndrome 427, 506 metalloproteinases 243

metastasis 399

microsomal enzymes 445

microvascular complications 533

milk fortification program 54

mineral

  • homeostasis 98

  • metabolism 195

mitochondrial

  • biogenesis 513

  • enzymes 445

mitogen activated protein kinase 450

MMPs 331

mobility 163 mole 418

  • atypical ~ syndrome phenotype 419 monocytes 613

mood 24 mortality 41

  • after transplantation 575

  • risk for rickets 178

  • risk reduction 179 MS 24, 212, 232, 381, 679

  • primary progressive ~ 475

  • relapse 476, 478

  • risk factor 228

  • secondary progressive ~ 475

supplementation 476

multidrug-resistant - See: MDR multiple

  • primary tumours 424

  • sclerosis - See: MS murine

  • colitis model 376

  • models 229 muscle 504

  • biopsy 104

  • function 157

  • insulin-responsive tissue 510

  • pain 509

  • strength 23, 88

weakness 45, 70, 104, 108

muscle cell 98

  • differentiation 106

  • proliferation 106

  • striated 106 muscle fibers

  • composition 105

fast twitch (type II) 71

musculoskeletal

  • health 91

  • outcomes 158

  • pain 104

symptoms 124

mushrooms 56

mycobacteria

  • immunity to ~ 330

infections 329

Mycobacterium tuberculosis 332, 572

myeloid

  • cells 477

dendritic cells - See: mDC

myoblast cytoskeleton 106 myogenic differentiation 510

N

native form 201

necrotic cell populations 399

neoadjuvant therapy 468

neonatal

  • immune function 659

  • markers of inflammation 613

  • period 609

supplementation 620

neonate anthropometry 650, 658

nephrolithiasis 41, 47

nephroprotective role 575

neurological function 72

nitric oxide 214

NMSC 209

NNRTI 305

NOD 329

non-calcemic

  • benefits 611

functions 138

non-genomic effects 107, 423

non-melanoma skin cancer - See: NMSC

non-nucleosidic reverse transcriptase inhibitor - See: NNRTI

non-skeletal benefits 22

non-specific pain 23

non-specific rheumatic diseases 105

normoglycemia 504

NRTI 307

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor – See: NRTI

nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain

  • See: NOD

nulliparous women 642

O

OA 142

obese females 488

obesity 19, 243, 299, 393, 507, 514, 598, 695

in epilepsy patients 591

obstructed labor 674

omega-3 fatty acids 556

oncogene 451

optimal level 142

ossification 117

osteoarthritis - See: OA

osteoblasts 535

osteocalcin 513, 534

osteoclastic progenitors 44

osteocytes 127

osteoid seams 44

osteomalacia 14, 54, 117, 527, 652

  • in successive pregnancies 652

muscle biopsy in ~ patients 104

osteopenia of prematurity 617

osteoporosis 109, 244, 534

  • after transplantation 568

  • definition of ~ 84 oxcarbazepine 595 oxidative

  • injuries 334

  • stress 334, 420

P

paediatric renal transplantation recipients 568

pale-skinned people 419

pancreas 535

pancreatic

  • adenocarcinoma - See: PCA

  • cell destruction 528

  • insufficiency 254

islet autoimmunity 678

pancreatic cancer 184

  • risk 402

  • sunlight 402

  • treatment 395

pancreatic (3-cells 504, 505, 507, 510, 528,673

dysfunction 528, 551

pancreatitis 393

parathyroid

  • gland 195, 201

  • hormone - See: PTH

  • levels 430

  • suppression 17

parental resistance to supplementation 609

parenteral cholecalciferol 660

paricalcitol 199 PBMC 488, 491

PCA 392

peak

  • bone mass 84

infection rates 214

pelvic opening 208, 652

perinatal pulmonary maturation 285

periodontitis 674

  • aggressive 358

  • definition 357

  • during pregnancy 244

prevalence 242 periosteal apposition 117

peripheral

  • blood mononuclear cells - See: PBMC

  • tissue 200

PGs 333

phagocytes 324

phagocytosis 246, 329

pharmacological dose therapy 657

phenobarbital 593

phosphate

  • binders 196

uptake 107

phosphorus homeostasis 176

photoadaption 421

photoprotective 422

phototherapy 257

physical

  • activity levels 148

performance 46

pigmentary genotypes 418

pigmentation 208, 651

  • dark 637

  • pale skin 419 pigmented skin 651

PIs 305

placental

  • CYP24A1 gene promoter 671

  • infection modulation 613

transfer 680

plaque stability 552

plasma concentration 617

pleiotropic

  • functions 276

steroid hormone 138

pneumonia 287, 614

polycystic ovary syndrome 509

polymorphisms 323

  • in toll-like receptors 328

in VDR gene 126

polytherapy 592

post-menopausal

  • bone health 633

  • women 18, 104, 162, 421, 557

post-natal growth 658

post-transplant bone loss 566, 568

postural instability 71

precursor lesions 418

preeclampsia 25, 120, 533, 672

supplementation 673

pregnancy 120, 609

  • adolescent 652

  • adverse 533

  • hormones 529

  • periodontitis 244

  • supplementation 609, 658, 680

untreated HIV-infected women 308

pregnant women 278, 529, 534, 650

  • oral health 245

premalignant lesions 394

premenarcheal girls 123

prepubertal girls 638

preterm infants 616

rachitic respiratory distress 617

primary prevention trial 697

primidone 593

proliferation 445, 476

  • of T cells 324

prostaglandins - See: Pgs

prostate

  • cancer 184, 444, 572

  • cell growth 449

  • cells 447, 450, 451

tissue 448

prostatic hypertrophy 449

protease inhibitors - See: Pis

proteinuria 194, 574

psoriasis 25, 453

psoriatric arthritis patients 490

psychomotor function 108

PTH 87, 102, 119, 196, 259, 372, 451, 511, 512, 549, 568, 574, 609, 617

  • insulin sensitivity 512

  • levels 260

  • secretion 453

suppression 198 public health programs 63

pulmonary

  • disease 254

infections 284

purdah (use of veils) 651

putative risk factor 476

pyrazinamide 334

R

RA 138, 214, 378, 490

  • patients 140

rachitic respiratory distress 617

racial backgrounds 57

esophageal cancer 465

RANKL 230

RAS 202, 551, 574

RDA 89, 696

reactive

  • nitrogen intermediates - See: RNI

  • oxygen species - See: ROS receptor

  • activator of NFkB ligand - See: RANKL

  • agonists 430

recommended dietary allowance - See: RDA

recruitment strategy 697

reflux esophagitis 466

relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis - See:RRMS

remineralization 363

renal

  • cells 450

  • failure 330

  • osteodystrophy 197

  • reabsorption of calcium 632

  • stones 161, 162, 179, 430 renal patients

  • arteriosclerosis 570

  • bone fracture 197

  • endothelial dysfunction 570

  • supplementation 575

renal transplantation recipients 567

  • cancer 571

  • paediatric 568

  • skin cancer 571

  • supplementation 575 renin-angiotensin system - See: RAS respiratory

  • epithelial cells 286

  • muscle weakness 288

  • tract infections 284

  • viral infections 213 rheumatoid arthritis - See: RA

rickets 14, 117, 527

  • and antiseizure drugs 589

  • resurgence 18, 610, 618, 634

  • risk factors 635 risk factors 279

  • during fetal period and lactation 636

RNI 334 ROS 333

RRMS 475

S

safety limit 696

sarcopenia 42, 45, 71

schizophrenia 678

screening 619

secosteroid hormone 276

seizures 588

selective receptor modulator concept 101

serum

  • biomarkers 21

  • hydroxyvitamin D 40, 101, 506, 526

  • insulin 507

  • levels 40, 432

  • minimal level 430

  • parathyroid hormone 502

  • triglycerides 508

sex specific impact of cancer 184

SGA 120, 676

side effects 696

signaling pathways 505

Simplified Acute Physiology Score II 179

single-nucleotide polymorphism - See: SNP

skeletal

  • bone resorption 163

  • craniotabes in newborns 680

  • mineralization 45

  • muscle insulin resistance 509

  • pain 104 skin 40

  • aging 148

  • cancer 183

  • cancer in renal transplantation recipients

  • cancer, nonmelanoma - See: NMSC

  • cancer prevention 399

  • cancer risk 418

  • colour 426, 431

  • pale 419

pigmentation 208, 651

type 281

UVB irradiation 227

SLE 378, 379, 490, 492

small for gestational age - See: SGA smoking 321

SNP 326, 423, 427, 614

solar elastosis 426 spaying index 118

SPB 674

spontaneous preterm birth - See: SPB

squamous

  • cell carcinomas 464

dysplasia 467

standardized measuring method 60

statistical power 700

striated muscle cells 106 stunted growth 116, 612

sufficiency

  • definition 656 sunburn

  • melanoma risk 419

sun exposure 14, 226, 256, 656

  • children 280

  • decreased cutaneous penetration 380

  • dental caries 362

  • epilepsy patients 592

  • pancreatic cancer 402

  • regular 422

  • seasonal variety 701

  • tuberculosis treatment 331 sunscreen 20, 634

supplementation 57, 75, 109, 123, 141, 151,245, 429, 432

  • adverse effects 122

  • and cardiovascular health 570

  • birth weight/length 676

  • developing countries 657

  • during lactation 633

  • efficacy 156

  • form 155

  • individualisation 257

  • nursing homes 59

  • responsiveness 123

  • seasonal effects 154

  • teeth defects 362

  • to both mother and infant 642

viral response 572

supra-physiologic dosages 570

supravalvular aortic stenosis 634

surfactants 286

surrogate marker of health 143

survival of CKD patients 201

synovial inflammation 379

systemic lupus erythematosus - See: SLE

T

T cell 376, 573

  • homeostasis 476

  • response 478

teeth 15

  • attachment apparatus 355

composition 354

telomerase activity 180, 399

telomeric aging 180

temperate climates 322

tender joint count 141

tenofovir 307

teriparatide 360

testosterone 72

tetanus toxoid vaccination 490

thymus receptor binding assay 448

thyroid disease patients 490

tibian length 123

tilt of the earth 20

tissue

  • diseases 373

  • epidermal 376

  • inhibitor 488

  • mixed connective disease 488

  • non-traditional target 98

  • vitamin D receptor expression 101

TLRs 326

tobacco smoke 392 toddlers

  • outdoor exposure 281 tolerable upper intake level - See: UL

toll-like receptors - See: TLRs

tomography 86, 118

tooth

  • development 362

  • loss 243, 360, 363

topiramate 596 toxicity 21, 103, 381

  • concerns 640

  • symptoms 59

TR 566

  • cancer 571

  • CVD 570

infections 572

transcription-independent effects 423

transplantation 263

  • recipients - See: TR

  • supplementation 567 Treg cells 380 tuberculosis 331

  • cutaneous 422

  • immune response 247

  • inflammatory process 333

  • seasonal variations 322

  • sunlight 331 tuberculous meningitis 332 tumor 426

  • colon 399

  • multiple primary ~s 424

  • suppressor 450

U

UC 213 UL 162

ulcerative colitis - See: UC

unhealthy children 89

unwanted systemic effects 373

upper gastrointestinal cancers 467

up-regulation

  • of genes 448

  • of p27 proteins 398 uremic patients 508

UVB

  • exposure 15, 120

  • exposure of face only 639

  • index for men 210

  • radiation 183, 322

  • risk of diabetes type 1 530

  • treatment 260

UV light 16

  • wavelength 227, 233

V

vaccination

  • BCG 330

  • reduced efficacy 231

tetanus toxoid 490 valproate 594

vascular

  • calcification 182, 197, 202

  • endothelial growth factor - See: VEGF

  • function 552

  • inflammation 551

  • tissue 548

vBMD 44

VDBP 194, 200, 396, 670

  • during pregnancy 671

VDD 650

  • definition 549

  • predisposition 557

  • prevalence 40, 550

  • risk groups 40

  • secondary 652

  • vulnerable subgroups 54

VDR 71, 99, 100, 139, 180, 200, 261, 298, 356, 372, 374, 397, 423, 444, 454, 468, 477, 503, 510, 570, 611, 672, 692

  • agonists 573

  • alkylating derivative 401

  • deficient mice 125, 139

  • immuno-staining 286

  • muscle cells 106

  • phenotype 123

  • polymorphism 247, 324, 332, 361, 468, 531, 534, 676

  • polymorphism and muscle function 105

  • skin cancer 424

tuberculosis patients 324

vegetarian diet 330

VEGF 332

veils 651

Viosterol 16

viral infections 287, 422

vitamin D binding protein - See: VDBP

vitamin D receptor - See: VDR

vitiligo 429

volumetric bone mineral density - See: vBMD

W

wheezing 288 window-glass 20

winter 656

wintertime hypovitaminosis D 24

women of child-bearing age 608

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