Epstein-Barr Virus probably causes Long-COVID, CFS, and MS - many studies
Fact Epstein-Barr Virus was first discovered in 1961
Fact ~90% of adults have evidence of previous EBV infection
Fact Symptoms come and go with Long-Haul, Multiple Sclerosis, amd CFS
EBV Implicated with Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, stomach cancer, MS Some Auto-Immune diseases and CFS - see below
Fact Multiple Sclerosis is extinguished by high-dose vitamin D
Possibility High-dose Vitamin D might also fight CFS, Long-Haul
Resveratrol may also be needed
Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation - June 2021
Pathogens 2021, 10(6), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060763
by Jeffrey E. Gold 1, jeff_gold@world.org , Ramazan A. Okyay 2, Warren E. Licht 3 and David J. Hurley 4
1 World Organization, Watkinsville, GA 30677, USA
2 Department of Public Health, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş 46040, Turkey
3 Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
4 College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
📄 Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients sometimes experience long-term symptoms following resolution of acute disease, including fatigue, brain fog, and rashes. Collectively these have become known as long COVID. Our aim was to first determine long COVID prevalence in 185 randomly surveyed COVID-19 patients and, subsequently, to determine if there was an association between occurrence of long COVID symptoms and reactivation of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in 68 COVID-19 patients recruited from those surveyed. We found the prevalence of long COVID symptoms to be 30.3% (56/185), which included 4 initially asymptomatic COVID-19 patients who later developed long COVID symptoms. Next, we found that 66.7% (20/30) of long COVID subjects versus 10% (2/20) of control subjects in our primary study group were positive for EBV reactivation based on positive titers for EBV early antigen-diffuse (EA-D) IgG or EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM. The difference was significant (p < 0.001, Fisher’s exact test). A similar ratio was observed in a secondary group of 18 subjects 21–90 days after testing positive for COVID-19, indicating reactivation may occur soon after or concurrently with COVID-19 infection. These findings suggest that many long COVID symptoms may not be a direct result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus but may be the result of COVID-19 inflammation-induced EBV reactivation.
Spreadsheet data from the study
Study was cited by 254 other studies as of Feb 2024
Stress-Induced Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation - Sept 2021 📄 PDF
SARS-CoV-2 and EBV; the cost of a second mitochondrial “whammy”? - Oct 2021 📄 PDF
Comment on Long-Haul COVID and virus such as EBV - Aug 27, 2021
Preventing The Post-COVID Syndrone (long-haul COVID) Sunil Wimalawansa, Linked-In
COVID-19 significantly impair the immune system, including its regulation. SARS-CoV-2 infections in persons with vitamin D deficiency is subjected to a double whammy.
Postmortem sample indicates that SARS.CoV-2 is present within brain tissues and in endocrine organs. Resultant significant immune dysfunction causes enhance viral replication and dissemination, and autoimmunity, and activating "dormant" microbes. The latter include activation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; Infectious mononucleosis) its complications like thrombocytopenic purpura, and intracellular bacteria, like tuberculosis.
The post-Covid syndrome is likely to cause by SARS-CoV-2 and/or EBV, and other dormant viruses . At present, its natural history, duration, and the optimal way to treat it are unknown. Nevertheless, maintaining serum 25(OH)D above 50 ng/mL seem to prevent this syndrome and supplementing vitamin D expedites the recovery following post-COVID syndrome. It is likely due to restoring the robust immune system).
Moreover, the efficacy of vaccines is enhanced with vitamin D adequacy. Therefore, administering a one-time high dose of oral vitamin D (e.g., 200,000 IU), as we have advocated since January 2021, is a sensible measure to enhance the acquired immunity and avoid a third booster dose. Prevention is better than cure.
EBV may cause Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - 2020
Early Growth Response Gene Upregulation in Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)-Associated Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)
Biomolecules 2020, 10(11), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10111484
by Jonathan Kerr. Department of Microbiology, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital (NNUH), Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UY, UK
📄 Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki
EBV has a protein which is similar to that used to make myelin - Feb 2024
Scientists want to tackle multiple sclerosis by treating the kissing virus Economist
"Almost all ms patients show signs of ebv infection, but so do around 95% of healthy adults"
"...Harvard University tracked more than 10m American military employees who were given regular blood tests for hiv. During the study, 955 of the soldiers were diagnosed with ms. The scientists then went back and tested the blood samples taken before the soldiers’ diagnoses, for signs of ebv infection. All but one had antibodies for the virus , a rate far higher than would be expected by chance."
"A paper published in Nature in 2022 showed that a protein produced by ebv shares a similar structure with a protein in human cells crucial for the production of myelin."
"Epstein Barr Virus"and "Vitamin D" - 3,790 studies in Aug 2023
"Epstein Barr Virus" and COVID - 16,700 studies in Aug 2023
Epstein–Barr Virus and Human Herpesvirus-6 Reactivation in Acute COVID-19 Patients - Aug 2022 📄 PDF
Epstein–Barr virus and COVID-19 - May 2022 📄 PDF
High incidence of Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and human-herpes virus-6 reactivations in critically ill patients with COVID-19 - May 2021 📄 PDF
Positive Epstein–Barr virus detection in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients - May 2021 📄 PDF
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with acute COVID-19 with Epstein-Barr virus reactivation - Sept 2021 📄 PDF
"Epstein Barr Virus" "long covid" 4,700 studies as of March 2025
Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation - June 2021 📄 PDF
Impact of Pre-Existing Chronic Viral Infection and Reactivation on the Development of Long COVID - preprint
Association between Epstein-Barr-Virus reactivation and development of Long-COVID fatigue - Aug 2022 - 📄 PDF
Long-Haul EBV on the web
Could the 'Mono' Virus Be Driving Long-Haul COVID? WebMD June 30, 2021
- "Two-thirds of a group of 30 COVID long-haul patients had high levels of Epstein-Barr antibodies, suggesting that EBV lying dormant in their bodies had been reactivated by their coronavirus infection, researchers reported."
Evidence of Epstein Barr Virus Reactivation in Long COVID Patients Dr. Been video 27 minutes Aug 3, 2021
Long COVID in Kids: The New Mono? Aug 19, 2021
"Mononucleosis was nicknamed the kissing disease for one simple reason: college students, most at risk for developing this infection, presumably spend massive amounts of time sharing germs with their friends."
"While most people recover in two weeks with rest and fluids, the virus that causes mono, Epstein Barr (EBV), is also associated with a chronic inflammatory and painful condition called myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). Also known as Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), this syndrome has itself been compared to Long COVID.4 "
"And the list goes on. Through a protein on the virus, EBV has also been identified as a common infectious activator or trigger of several autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and celiac disease.5"
Long COVID may be the result of Epstein-Barr virus reactivating in many patients Aug 18, 2021
- Reporting on the Pathogens study on this page
13+ VitaminDWiki pages contain EPSTEIN or EBV in the title
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VitaminDWiki pages in both categories Virus and Vitamin D Receptor
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Many ways to increase Receptor activation and get more vitamin D to cells
Omega-3, Magnesium, Zinc, Quercetin, non-daily Vit D, Curcumin, intense exercise, Ginger, Essential oils, etc Note: The founder of VitaminDWiki uses 10 of the 13 known VDR activators
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