Premature birth and infant mortality worse if dark skin (low vitamin D) - 2015

March of Dimes

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• Preterm birth 30 percent more likely if low vitamin D – meta-analysis May 2016

• Dark skin pregnancies and Vitamin D - many studies

• Premature birth 2.5X more likely if mother had low vitamin D and was having twins – July 2013

• Overview Dark Skin and Vitamin D

• Ethnicity and low vitamin D levels during pregnancy – Jan 2016

• Skin - Dark category listing has items along with related searches

• Pre-term birth - many of risk factors are associated with low vitamin D

• Low birth weight far more likely if African-American (low vitamin D) – 1997, Aug 2018

• Pregnant while black increases chance of death – mothers 3X, infants 2X (low Vitamin D) – Feb 2019 March of Dimes