Childhood vaccinations are recommended, not mandatory - Japan since 1994
Focal Points, Peter A. McCullough, MD, MPH April 2025
Reference: Changes in vaccination administration in Japan - April 2023
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.020 FREE PDF
"While vaccinations are voluntary (in Japan), they are strongly recommended and widely practiced. Routine recommended vaccines, such as BCG (tuberculosis), DTaP (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus), HPV (human papillomavirus), and Japanese encephalitis vaccines, are primarily funded by regional governments. In contrast, some vaccines like hepatitis B, mumps, varicella, and rotavirus are considered voluntary and may involve out-of-pocket costs "
- Perplexity April 2025
Note:
Japan: infant mortality rate is 1.5 deaths per 1,000 live births.
U.S.: infant mortality rate is 5.2 deaths per 1,000 live births