Feed Additives as Antiviral Agents: Probiotics, Vitamin D, Zn, Se, etc.

Feed Additives as Antiviral Agents (book chapter)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42855-5_12

A. R. Yasmin, M. N. Sohaimi, S. N. A. Azaman, S. H. Nur-Fazila & F. M. A. Amirul

Viral infection is a major devastating challenge in the livestock industry. Hardy to completely eradicate the virus, the emergence of new variants accompanied by high morbidity and mortality further substantiates the problems in poultry, ruminant, and swine farms. Notifiable diseases caused by virus infection such as avian influenza (AI), infectious bursal disease (IBD), Newtle disease (ND), foot and mouth disease (FMD), Aujeszky’s disease, classical swine fever (CSF), and other viral diseases are controlled by vaccination, proper husbandry, and strict biosecurity. The nutritional factors also play a pivotal role in ensuring optimum growth and immunity of the livestock as well as safeguarding sustainable food security as a protein source to human. Continuous global demand requires crucial maintenance of the good quality and value of livestock-based protein.

It could be achieved by keeping the livestock in constant good health and by receiving proper and adequate nutrition. In order to fulfill the needs, feed additives are designed to be supplemented to animal feeds to improve the feed taste, stabilize gut microbes and to compensate nutritional deficiencies.

In addition, feed additives function as antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer and exert immunostimulatory effects in combating pathogen.

In this chapter, antiviral effects of feed additives are discussed by categories, namely, nutritional additives, zootechnical additives, natural additives, technological additives, and sensory additives. Most of the antiviral effects of the additives are studied for the usage in livestock, while some examples of additives are based on human virus studies, which could be potentially utilized for further usage in future in livestock

References

• Abu-Mouch S, Fireman Z, Jarchovsky J, Zeina A-R, Assy N (2011) vitamin d supplementation improves sustained virologic response in chronic hepatitis C (genotype 1)-naïve patients. World J Gastroenterol: WJG 17(47):5184–5190 Agrawal AD (2011) Pharmacological activities of flavonoids: A review. Int J Pharm Sci Nanotechnol (IJPSN) 4(2):1394

• Akimbekov NS, Ortoski RA, Razzaque MS (2020) Effects of sunlight exposure and vitamin d supplementation on HIV patients. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 105664:105664

• Alpert PT (2017) The role of vitamins and minerals on the immune system. Home Health Care Manag Pract 29(3):199–202

• Alqazlan N, Alizadeh M, Boodhoo N, Taha-Abdelaziz K, Nagy E, Bridle B, Sharif S (2020) probiotic Lactobacilli limit avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 replication in chicken Cecal tonsil mononuclear cells. Vaccines (Basel) 8(4):605

• Androutsopoulou C, Christopoulou SD, Hahalis P, Kotsalou C, Lamari FN, Vantarakis A (2021) Evaluation of essential oils and extracts of rose geranium and rose petals as natural preservatives in terms of toxicity, antimicrobial, and antiviral activity. Pathogens 10(4):494

• Aoki-Yoshida A, Saito S, Fukiya S, Aoki R, Takayama Y, Suzuki C, Sonoyama K (2016) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG increases toll-like receptor 3 gene expression in murine small intestine ex vivo and in vivo. Benefic Microbes 7(3):421–429

• Arabyan E, Hakobyan A, Kotsinyan A, Karalyan Z, Arakelov V, Arakelov G et al (2018) Genistein inhibits African swine fever virus replication in vitro by disrupting viral DNA synthesis. Antivir Res 156:128–137

• Arabyan E, Hakobyan A, Hakobyan T, Grigoryan R, Izmailyan R, Avetisyan A, Karalyan Z, Jackman JA, Ferreira F, Elrod CC, Zakaryan H (2021) Flavonoid library screening reveals Kaempferol as a potential antiviral agent against African swine fever virus. Front Microbiol 12:736780

• Arowolo MA, He J (2018) Use of probiotics and botanical extracts to improve ruminant production in the tropics: A review. Animal Nutrition 4(3):241–249

• Awotiwon AA, Oduwole O, Sinha A, Okwundu CI (2017) zinc supplementation for the treatment of measles in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6(6):CD011177

• Babikian HY, Jha RK, Truong QL, Nguyen LT, Babikyan Y, Nguyen HT et al (2021) Novel formulation with essential oils as a potential agent to minimize African swine fever virus transmission in an in vivo trial in swine. Veterinary World 14:1853–1866

• Babu SM, Gopalaswamy G, Chandramohan N (2005) Identification of an antiviral principle in Spirulina platensis against Bombyx mori nuclear Polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV). Indian J Biotechnol 4:384–388

• Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M (2008) Biological effects of essential oils-a review. Food Chem Toxicol 46(2):446–475

• Banerjee D, Kaul D (2010) Combined inhalational and oral supplementation of ascorbic acid may prevent influenza pandemic emergency: A hypothesis. Nutrition 26(1):128–132

• Bartolotta S, Garcí C, Candurra NA, Damonte EB (2001) Effect of fatty acids on arenavirus replication: inhibition of virus production by lauric acid. Arch Virol 146(4):777–790

• Binns C, Lee A, Harding H, Gracey M, Barclay D (2007) The CUPDAY study: prebiotic-probiotic milk product in 1–3-year-old children attending childcare centres. Acta Paediatr 96:1646–1650

• Blank DE, Corrêa RA, Freitag RA, Cleff MB, Hübner SDO (2017) Anti-equine arteritis virus activity of ethanolic extract and compounds from Origanum vulgare. Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38(2):759

• Blank DE, Hübner SDO, Alves GH, Cardoso CAL, Freitag RA, Cleff MB (2019) Chemical composition and antiviral effect of extracts of Origanum vulgare. Adv Biosci Biotechnol 10(07):188–196

• Botic T, Klingberg TD, Weingartl H, Cencic A (2007) A novel eukaryotic cell culture model to study antiviral activity of potential probiotic bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 115:227–234

• Botos I, Wlodawer A (2003) Cyanovirin-N: a sugar-binding antiviral protein with a new twist. Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS 60(2):277–287

• Brinkevich SD, Boreko EI, Savinova OV, Pavlova NI, Shadyro OI (2012) Radical-regulating and antiviral properties of ascorbic acid and its derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22(7):2424–2427

• Bron PA, Van Baarlen P, Kleerebezem M (2012) Emerging molecular insights into the interaction between probiotics and the host intestinal mucosa. Nat Rev Microbiol 10:66–78

• Cai Y, Li YF, Tang LP, Tsoi B, Chen M, Chen H, Chen XM, Tan RR, Kurihara H, He RR (2015) A new mechanism of vitamin C effects on A/FM/1/47(H1N1) virus-induced pneumonia in restraint-stressed mice. Biomed Res Int 2015:675149

• Carbone DA, Pellone P, Lubritto C, Ciniglia C (2021) Evaluation of microalgae antiviral activity and their bioactive compounds. Antibiotics 10(6):746

• Carr AC (2020) A new clinical trial to test high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19. Crit Care 24(1):1–2

• Catella C, Camero M, Lucente MS, Fracchiolla G, Sblano S, Tempesta M et al (2021) Virucidal and antiviral effects of Thymus vulgaris essential oil on feline coronavirus. Res Vet Sci 137:44–47

• Chang H-C, Bayeva M, Taiwo B, Palella FJ Jr, Hope TJ, Ardehali H (2015) High cellular iron levels are associated with increased HIV infection and replication. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 31(3):305–312

• Chen L, Huang G (2018) The antiviral activity of polysaccharides and their derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 115:77–82

(Chen MF, Weng KF, Huang SY, Liu YC, Tseng SN, Ojcius DM, Shih SR (2017) Pretreatment with a heat-killed probiotic modulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and reduces the pathogenicity of influenza and enterovirus 71 infections. Mucosal Immunol 10(1):215–227

• Chen MY, Li H, Lu XX, Ling LJ, Weng HB, Sun W, Chen DF, Zhang YY (2019) Houttuynia cordata polysaccharide alleviated intestinal injury and modulated intestinal microbiota in H1N1 virus infected mice. Chin J Nat Med 17(3):187–197

• Chojnacka K, Skrzypczak D, Izydorczyk G, Mikula K, Szopa D, Witek-Krowiak A (2021) Antiviral properties of polyphenols from plants. Foods 10(10):2277

• Christaki E, Bonos E, Florou-Paneri P (2015) Chapter 14 - Innovative microalgae pigments as functional ingredients in nutrition. In: Kim S-K (ed) Handbook of marine microalgae. Academic Press, Boston, pp 233–243

• Colunga Biancatelli RML, Berrill M, Marik PE (2020) The antiviral properties of vitamin C. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 18(2):99–101

• Costa JAV, Lu BF, Alvarenga AGP, Moreira JB, De Morais MG (2021) Microalgae polysaccharides: an overview of production, characterization, and potential applications. Polysaccharides 2(4):759–772

• Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, Seifan M, Mohkam M, Masoumi SJ, Berenjian A, Ghasemi Y (2019) Prebiotics: definition, types, sources, mechanisms, and clinical applications. Foods 8(3):92

• Dobrange E, Peshev D, Loedolff B, Van den Ende W (2019) Fructans as immunomodulatory and antiviral agents: the e of Echinacea. Biomol Ther 9:615

• Duran R, Deschler C, Precigou S, Goulas P (2002) Degradation of Chlorophenols by Phanerochaete Chrysosporium: effect of 3, 4-dichlorophenol on extracellular peroxidase activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59:284–288

• Ermolenko EI, Desheva YA, Kolobov AA, Kotyleva MP, Sychev IA, Suvorov AN (2019) Anti–influenza activity of enterocin B in vitro and protective effect of bacteriocinogenic enterococcal probiotic strain on influenza infection in mouse model. probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 11(2):705–712

• Fabros D Jr, Kankeaw U, Ruansit W, Tonlek B, Theenongsang S, Charerntantanakul W (2018) Evaluation of antiviral potential of cinnamon essential oil and its derived benzimidazole against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Agricultural Res 35(2 Suppl):21–31

• Fahmy NM, Al-Sayed E, Moghannem S, Azam F, El-Shazly M, Singab AN (2020) Breaking down the barriers to a natural antiviral agent: antiviral activity and molecular docking of erythrina speciosa extract, fractions, and the major compound. Chem Biodivers 17:e1900511

• Fleming-Dutra KE, Taylor T, Link-Gelles R, Garg S, Jhung MA, Finelli L, Jain S, Shay D, Chaves SS, Baumbach J, Hancock EB, Beall B, Bennett N, Zansky S, Petit S, Yousey-Hindes K, Farley MM, Gershman K, Harrison LH, Ryan P et al (2013) Effect of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic on invasive pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis 207(7):1135–1143

• Fuller R (1992) History and development of probiotics . In: probiotics . Springer, Netherlands, pp 1–8

• Furuya A, Uozaki M, Yamasaki H, Arakawa T, Arita M, Koyama AH (2008) Antiviral effects of ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids in vitro. Int J Mol Med 22(4):541–545

• Garren MR, Ashcraft M, Qian Y, Douglass M, Brisbois EJ, Handa H (2021) Nitric oxide and viral infection: recent developments in antiviral therapies and platforms. Appl Mater Today 22:100887

• Ghahri H, Toloei T, Soleimani B (2013) Efficacy of antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic on growth performance, organ weights, intestinal histomorphology and immune response in broiler chickens. Glob J Anim Sci Res 1(1):25–41

• Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, Prescott SL, Reimer RA, Salminen SJ, Scott K, Stanton C, Swanson KS, Cani PD, Verbeke K, Reid G (2017) Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 14(8):491–502

• Gonmei G, Sapcota D, Saikia GK, Deka P, Mahanta JD, Kalita N, Saikia BN, Talukdar JK (2019) Studies on immune response to Newtle disease virus in broiler chickens fed with Lactobacillus reuteri PIA16 isolated from the gut of indigenous chicken of Assam. India Vet World 12(8):1251–1255

• Górniak W, Cholewińska P, Konkol D (2018) Feed additives produced on the basis of organic forms of micronutrients as a means of biofortification of food of animal origin. J Chem 2018:8084127

• Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP (2020) Evidence that vitamin d supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients 12:988

• Guarino MPL, Altomare A, Emerenziani S, Di Rosa C, Ribolsi M, Balestrieri P, Iovino P, Rocchi G, Cicala M (2020) Mechanisms of action of prebiotics and their effects on gastro-intestinal disorders in adults. Nutrients 12(4):1037

• Guo M, Ni J, Yu J, Jin J, Ma L, Zhang H, Wang D, Zhang X, Dou J, Zhou C (2019) Antiviral activity of benzoic acid derivative NC-5 against influenza A virus and its neuraminidase inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 20:6261

• Gupta S, Read SA, Shackel NA, Hebbard L, George J, Ahlenstiel G (2019) The role of micronutrients in the infection and subsequent response to hepatitis C virus. Cell 8(6):603

• Hakobyan A, Arabyan E, Avetisyan A, Abroyan L, Hakobyan L, Zakaryan H (2016) Apigenin inhibits African swine fever virus infection in vitro. Arch Virol 161:3445–3453

• Hakobyan A, Arabyan E, Kotsinyan A, Karalyan Z, Sahakyan H, Arakelov V, Nazaryan K, Ferreira F, Zakaryan H (2019) Inhibition of African swine fever virus infection by genkwanin. Antivir Res 167:78–82

• Hayashi K, Umetsu R, Chijimatsu T, Hayashi T, Miyake S, Lee JB (2012) Anti-influenza A virus effects of fructan from Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Food Chem 134:2164–2168

• He X, Fang J, Guo Q, Wang M, Li Y, Meng Y, Huang L (2020) Advances in antiviral polysaccharides derived from edible and medicinal plants and mushrooms. Carbohydr Polym 229:115548 Hefnawy AEG, Tórtora-Pérez JL (2010) The importance of selenium and the effects of its deficiency in animal health. Small Rumin Res 89(2–3):185–192

• Hilmarsson H, Traustason B, Kristmundsd’ottir T, Thormar H (2007) Virucidal activities of medium-and long-chain fatty alcohols and lipids against respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 2: comparison at different pH levels. Arch Virol 152(12):2225–2236

• Hong JK, Lee KN, You SH, Kim SM, Tark D, Lee HS, Ko YJ, Seo MG, Park JH, Kim B (2015) Inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus by citric acid and sodium carbonate with deicers. Appl Environ Microbiol 81(21):7610–7614

• Huleihel M, Ishanu V, Tal J, Arad S (2001) Antiviral effect of red microalgal polysaccharides on Herpes simplex and Varicella zosterviruses. J Appl Phycol 13(2):127–134Huyghebaert G, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F (2011) An update on alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for broilers. Vet J (London, England: 1997) 187(2):182–188Indo Y, Kitahara S, Tomokiyo M, Araki S, Islam MA, Zhou B, Albarracin L, Miyazaki A, Ikeda-Ohtsubo W, Nochi T, Takenouchi T, Uenishi H, Aso H, Takahashi H, Kurata S, Villena J, Kitazawa H (2021) Ligilactobacillus salivarius strains isolated from the porcine gut modulate innate immune responses in epithelial cells and improve protection against intestinal viral-bacterial superinfection. Front Immunol 12:652923

• Jaime J, Vargas-Bermúdez DS, Yitbarek A, Reyes J, Rodríguez-Lecompte JC (2020) Differential immunomodulatory effect of vitamin d (1, 25 (OH) 2 D3) on the innate immune response in different types of cells infected in vitro with infectious bursal disease virus. Poult Sci 99(9):4265–4277

• Jenssen H (2005) Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of lactoferrin/lactoferricin–an example of antiviral activity of antimicrobial protein/peptide. Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS 62(24):3002–3013

• Jung YJ, Lee YT, Ngo VL, Cho YH, Ko EJ, Hong SM, Kim KH, Jang JH, Oh JS, Park MK, Kim CH, Sun J, Kang SM (2017) Heat-killed Lactobacillus ei confers broad protection against influenza A virus primary infection and develops heterosubtypic immunity against future secondary infection. Sci Rep 7(1):17360

• Kaewprom K, Chen Y-H, Lin C-F, Chiou M-T, Lin C-N (2017) Antiviral activity of Thymus vulgaris and Nepeta cataria hydrosols against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Thai J Vet Med 47(1):25–33

• Keyaerts E, Vijgen L, Pannecouque C, Van Damme E, Peumans W, Egberink H et al (2007) Plant lectins are potent inhibitors of coronaviruses by interfering with two targets in the viral replication cycle. Antivir Res 75(3):179–187

• Khan RU, Rahman ZU, Javed I, Muhammad F (2014) Effect of vitamins , protein level and probiotics on immune response of moulted male broiler breeders. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 98(4):620–627

• Knezevic A, Stepanovic S, Cupic M, Jevtovic D, Ranin J, Jovanovic T (2005) Reduced quantity and hydrogen-peroxide production of vaginal Lactobacilli in HIV positive women. Biomed Pharmacother 59:521–533

• Kohn A, Gitelman J, Inbar M (1980) Interaction of polyunsaturated fatty acids with animal cells and enveloped viruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 18(6):962–968

• Komura M, Suzuki M, Sangsriratanakul N, Ito M, Takahashi S, Alam MS, Ono M, Daio C, Shoham D, Táchira K (2019) Inhibitory effect of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on avian pathogens. J Vet Med Sci 81(3):466–472

• Kumosani T, Obeid Y, Shaib H, Abualnaja K, Moselhy S, Iyer A et al (2017) Standardization of a protocol for quantitative evaluation of anti-aerosolized influenza virus activity by vapors of a chemically-characterized essential oil blend. J Prev Infect Cntrol 03:1–8

• Lazarczyk M, Pons C, Mendoza J-A, sonnet P, Jacob Y, Favre M (2008) Regulation of cellular zinc balance as a potential mechanism of EVER-mediated protection against pathogenesis by cutaneous oncogenic human papillomaviruses. J Exp Med 205(1):35–42

• Lee GY, Han SN (2018) The role of vitamin E in immunity. Nutrients 10(11):1614 Lee JB, Fukai T, Hayashi K, Hayashi T (2011) Characterization of fructan from Chikuyo-Sekko-To, a Kampo prescription, and its antiherpetic activity in vitro and in vivo. Carbohydr Polym 85:408–412Lee YH, Jang YH, Kim YS, Kim J, Seong BL (2018) Evaluation of green tea extract as a safe personal hygiene against viral infections. J Biol Eng 12:1

• Liao X, Lu L, Li S, Liu S, Zhang L, Wang G, Lia A, Luo X (2012) Effects of selenium source and level on growth performance, tissue selenium concentrations, antioxidation, and immune functions of heat-stressed broilers. Biol Trace Elem Res 150(1–3):158–165

• Lievin-Le MV, Servin AL (2014) Anti-infective activities of lactobacillus strains in the human intestinal microbiota: from probiotics to gastrointestinal anti-infectious biotherapeutic agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 27:167–199

• Liu Q, Yu Z, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhai Q, Chen W (2020) Surface components and metabolites of probiotics for regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier. Microb Cell Factories 19:23

• Macan AM, Harej A, Cazin I, Klobuˇcar M, Stepani’c V, Paveli’c K et al (2019) Antitumor and antiviral activities of 4-substituted 1, 2, 3-triazolyl-2, 3- dibenzyl-L-ascorbic acid derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 184:111739

• Madsen K, Cornish A, Soper P, McKaigney C, Jijon H, Yachimec C, Doyle J, Jewell L, De Simone C (2001) probiotic bacteria enhance murine and human intestinal epithelial barrier function. Gastroenterology 121(3):580–591

• Mahooti M, Abdolalipour E, Salehzadeh A, Mohebbi SR, Gorji A, Ghaemi A (2019) Immunomodulatory and prophylactic effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum probiotic strain on influenza infection in mice. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 35:91

• Martín-Acebes MA, V’azquez-Calvo A, Caridi F, Saiz J-C, Sobrino F (2012) Lipid involvement in viral infections: present and future perspectives for the design of antiviral strategies. Lipid Metabolism 2012:291–322

• Mazalovska M, Kouokam JC (2018) Lectins as promising therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of HIV and other potential coinfections. Biomed Res Int 2018:3750646

• Mitchell CA, Ramessar K, O’Keefe BR (2017) Antiviral lectins: selective inhibitors of viral entry. Antivir Res 142:37–54 Miyazaki T (2017) Protective effects of lactic acid bacteria on influenza A virus infection. AIMS Allergy Immunol 1:138–142

• Muhialdin BJ, Zawawi N, Abdull Razis AF, Bakar J, Zarei M (2021) Antiviral activity of fermented foods and their probiotics bacteria towards respiratory and alimentary tracts viruses. Food Control 127:108140

• Mullin GE (2011) Vitamin A and immunity. Nutr Clin Pract 26(4):495–496

• Murugesan GR, Syed B, Haldar S, Pender C (2015) Phytogenic feed additives as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chickens. Front Vet Sci 2:21

• Mustopa AZ, Umami RN, Putri PH, Susilaningsih D, Farida H (2016) Identification of bioactive compound from microalga BTM 11 as Hepatitis C virus RNA helie inhibitor. Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 11(2)

• Nogusa S, Gerbino J, Ritz BW (2009) Low-dose supplementation with active hexose correlated compound improves the immune response to acute influenza infection in C57BL/6 mice. Nutr Res (New York, NY) 29(2):139–143

• Olaimat AN, Aolymat I, Al-Holy M, Ayyash M, Abu Ghoush M, Al-Nabulsi AA, Osaili T, Apostolopoulos V, Liu SQ, Shah NP (2020) The potential application of probiotics and prebiotics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. NPJ Sci Food 4:17

• Pangestuti R, Suryaningtyas IT, Siahaan EA, Kim S-K (2020) Cosmetics and cosmeceutical applications of microalgae pigments. In: In. Springer International Publishing, pp 611–633

• Pecoraro BM, Leal DF, Frias-De-Diego A, Browning M, Odle J, Crisci E (2022) The health benefits of selenium in food animals: a review. J Animal Sci Biotechnol 13:58

• Pennisi M, Russo G, Ravalli S, Pappalardo F (2017) Combining agent based-models and virtual screening techniques to predict the best citrus-derived vaccine adjuvants against human papilloma virus. BMC Bioinform 18:544

• Pensel PE, Maggiore MA, Gende LB, Eguaras MJ, Denegri MG, Elissondo MC (2014) Efficacy of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare on Echinococcus granulosus. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2014:1–12

• Pertile TL, Karaca K, Sharma JM, Walser MM (1996) An antiviral effect of nitric oxide: inhibition of reovirus replication. Avian Dis 40(2):342–348

• Pignolet O, Jubeau S, Vaca-Garcia C, Michaud P (2013) Highly valuable microalgae: biochemical and topological aspects. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 40(8):781–796

• Pleschka S, Stein M, Schoop R, Hudson JB (2009) Anti-viral properties and mode of action of standardized Echinacea purpurea extract against highly pathogenic avian Influenza virus (H5N1, H7N7) and swine-origin H1N1 (S-OIV). Virol J 6:197

• Pourghanbari G, Nili H, Moattari A, Mohammadi A, Iraji A (2016) Antiviral activity of the oseltamivir and Melissa officinalis L. essential oil against avian influenza A virus (H9N2). Virusdisease 27(2):170–178

• Rather IA, Kamli MR, Sabir JSM, Ali S (2022) Evaluation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KAU007 against low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (H9N2). Pathogens 11:1246

• Read SA, Obeid S, Ahlenstiel C, Ahlenstiel G (2019) The role of zinc in antiviral immunity. Adv Nutr 10(4):696–710

• Reboul E (2017) Vitamin E bioavailability: mechanisms of intestinal absorption in the spotlight. Antioxidants 6(4):95

• Reddy PH, Johnson AMA, Kumar JK, Naveen T, Devi MC (2017) Heterologous expression of infectious bursal disease virus VP2 gene in Chlorella pyrenoidosa as a model system for molecular farming. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult (PCTOC) 131(1):119–126

• Regnault-Roger C, Vincent C, Arnason JT (2012) Essential oils in insect control: low-risk products in a high-stakes world. Annu Rev Entomol 57(1):405–424

• Rehman ZU, Che L, Ren S, Liao Y, Qiu X, Yu S, Sun Y, Tan L, Song C, Liu W, Ding Z, Munir M, Nair V, Meng C, Ding C (2018) Supplementation of vitamin E protects chickens from Newtle disease virus-mediated exacerbation of intestinal oxidative stress and tissue damage. Cell Physiol Biochem 47:1655–1666

• Reynolds D, Huesemann M, Edmundson S, Sims A, Hurst B, Cady S et al (2021) Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis. Algal Res 57:102331

• Saad N, Delattre C, Urdaci M, Schmitter JM, Bressollier P (2013) An overview of the last advances in probiotic and prebiotic field. LWT Food Sci Technol 50:1–16

• Santoyo S, Jaime L, Plaza M, Herrero M, Rodriguez-Meizoso I, Ibañez E, Reglero GJJ (2012) Antiviral compounds obtained from microalgae commonly used as carotenoid sources. J Appl Phycol 24:731–741

• Sarohan AR (2020) COVID-19: endogenous retinoic acid theory and retinoic acid depletion syndrome. Med Hypotheses 144:110250

• Sato T, Hori K (2009) Cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel anti-HIV lectin from the cultured cyanobacterium, Oscillatoria agardhii. Fish Sci 75(3):743–753

• Sato Y, Okuyama S, Hori K (2007) Primary structure and carbohydrate binding specificity of a potent anti-HIV lectin isolated from the filamentous Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii. J Biol Chem 282(15):11021–11029

• Schnitzler P, Schön K, Reichling J (2001) Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture. Pharmazie 56(4):343–347

• Schönfeldt HC, Pretorius B, Hall N (2016) Bioavailability of nutrients. In: Caballero B, Finglas P, Toldr’a FF (eds) The encyclopedia of food and health, vol 1, pp 401–406

• Semba RD, Ndugwa C, Perry RT, Clark TD, Jackson JB, Melikian G et al (2005) Effect of periodic vitamin A supplementation on mortality and morbidity of human immunodeficiency virus–infected children in Uganda: A controlled clinical trial. Nutrition 21(1):25–31

• Seo BJ, Rather IA, Kumar VJR, Choi UH, Moon MR, Lim JH, Park YH (2012) Evaluation of Leuconostoc mesenteroides YML003 as a probiotic against low-pathogenic avian influenza (H9N2) virus in chickens. J Appl Microbiol 113:163–171

• Shah KK, Verma R, Oleske JM, Scolpino A, Bogden JD (2019) Essential trace elements and progression and management of HIV-1 infection. Nutr Res 71:21–29

• Shayeganmehr A, Vasfi Marandi M, Karimi V, Barin A, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A (2018) Zataria multiflora essential oil reduces replication rate of avian influenza virus (H9N2 subtype) in challenged broiler chicks. Br Poult Sci 59(4):389–395

• Sheridan DA, Bridge SH, Crossey MM, Felmlee DJ, Fenwick FI, Thomas HC et al (2014) Omega-3 fatty acids and/or fluvastatin in hepatitis C prior non-responders to combination antiviral therapy–a pilot randomised clinical trial. Liver Int 34(5):737–747

• Sherman PM, Ossa JC, Johnson-Henry K (2009) Unravelling mechanism of action of probiotics . Nutr Clin Pract 21:10–14

• Singh J, Gaikwad DS (2020) Phytogenic feed additives in animal nutrition. In: Natural bioactive products in sustainable agriculture. Springer, Singapore, pp 273–289

• Smith AM, Smith APA (2016) Critical, Nonlinear Threshold Dictates Bacterial Invasion and Initial Kinetics During Influenza. Sci Rep 6(38703):2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38703

• Steiner T, Syed B (2015) Phytogenic feed additives in animal nutrition. In: Medicinal aromatic plants of the world: scientific, production, commercial utilization aspects. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 403–423

• Stevanović Z, Bošnjak-Neumüller J, Pajić-Lijaković I, Raj J, Vasiljević M (2018) Essential oils as feed additives—future perspectives. Molecules 23(7):1717

• Steyer A, Mičetić-Turk D, Fijan S (2022) The efficacy of probiotics as antiviral agents for the treatment of Rotavirus gastrointestinal infections in children: an updated overview of literature. Microorganisms 10(12):2392

• Talebi A, Amani A, Pourmahmod M, Saghaei P, Rezaie R (2015) Synbiotic enhances immune responses against infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease, Newtle disease and avian influenza in broiler chickens. Vet Res Forum 6(3):191–197Tang K, He S, Zhang X, Guo J, Chen Q, Yan F, Banadyga L, Zhu W, Qiu X, Guo Y (2018)

• Tangeretin, an extract from citrus peels, blocks cellular entry of arenaviruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fever. Antivir Res 160:87–93

• Tantcheva LP, Stoeva ES, Galabov AS, Braykova AA, Savov VM, Mileva MM (2003) Effect of vitamin E and vitamin C combination on experimental influenza virus infection. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 25(4):259–264

• Thirumdas R, Kothakota A, Pandiselvam R, Bahrami A, Barba FJ (2021) Role of food nutrients and supplementation in fighting against viral infections and boosting immunity: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 110:66–77

• Trompette A, Gollwitzer ES, Pattaroni C, Lopez-Mejia IC, Riva E, Pernot J, Ubags N, Fajas L, Nicod LP, Marsland BJ (2018) Dietary fiber confers protection against flu by shaping Ly6c− patrolling monocyte hematopoiesis and CD8+ T cell metabolism. Immunity 48(5):992–1005.e8

• Tumpey TM, García-Sastre A, Taubenberger JK, Palese P, Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Schultz-Cherry S, Solórzano A, Van Rooijen N, Katz JM, Basler CF (2005) Pathogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus: functional roles of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils in limiting virus replication and mortality in mice. J Virol 79(23):14933–14944

• Tuvaanjav S, Shuqin H, Komata M, Ma C, Kanamoto T, Nakashima H, Yoshida T (2016) Isolation and antiviral activity of water-soluble Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. Polysaccharides. J Asian Nat Prod Res 18(2):159–171

• Vincent M, Duval RE, Hartemann P, Engels-Deutsch M (2018) Contact killing and antimicrobial properties of copper. J Appl Microbiol 124(5):1032–1046

• Waititu SM, Yitbarek A, Matini E, Echeverry H, Kiarie E, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Nyachoti CM (2014) Effect of supplementing direct-fed microbials on broiler performance, nutrient digestibilities, and immune responses. Poult Sci 93(3):625–635

• Wakabayashi H, Oda H, Yamauchi K, Abe F (2014) Lactoferrin for prevention of common viral infections. J Infect Chemother 20(11):666–671

• Wang Z, Zhang P, Fu W, Zhang Y, Li T, Pan B, Wei P (2010) Wei sheng wu xue bao Acta microbiologica Sinica 50(12):1664–1669

• Wang Z, Chai W, Burwinkel M, Twardziok S, Wrede P, Palissa C, Esch B, Schmidt MF (2013) Inhibitory influence of Enterococcus faecium on the propagation of swine influenza A virus in vitro. PLoS One 8(1):e53043

• Wang X, Hu W, Zhu L, Yang Q (2017) Bacillus subtilis and surfactin inhibit the transmissible gastroenteritis virus from entering the intestinal epithelial cells. Biosci Rep 37(2):BSR20170082

• Wang Y, Moon A, Huang J, Sun Y, Qiu HJ (2022) Antiviral effects and underlying mechanisms of probiotics as promising antivirals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12:928050

• Wani AR, Yadav K, Khursheed A, Rather MA (2021) An updated and comprehensive review of the antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents with special focus on their mechanism of action against various influenza and coronaviruses. Microb Pathog 152:104620

• Wetprasit N, Threesangsri W, Klamklai N, Chulavatnatol M (2000) Jackfruit lectin: properties of mitogenicity and the inhibition of herpesvirus infection. Jpn J Infect Dis 53(4):156–161

• Windisch W, Schedle K, Plitzner C, Kroismayr A (2008) Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. J Anim Sci 86:140–148

• World organization of animal health (WOAH) (2020). http://www.animalhealthsurveillance.agriculture.gov.ie/notifiablediseasesYadav A, Kumar A, Das M, Tripathi A (2016) Sodium benzoate, a food preservative, affects the functional and activation status of splenocytes at non cytotoxic dose. Food Chem Toxicol 88:40–47

• Yang J, Tian G, Chen D, Zheng P, Yu J, Mao X, He J, Luo Y, Luo J, Huang Z, Wu A, Yu B (2019) Dietary 25-Hydroxy vitamin d 3 supplementation alleviates porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection by improving intestinal structure and immune response in weaned pigs. Animals 9:627

• Yeh TL, Shih PC, Liu SJ, Lin CH, Liu JM, Lei WT, Lin CY (2018) The influence of prebiotic or probiotic supplementation on antibody titers after influenza vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Drug Des Devel Ther 12:217–230

• Zhang X, Chen S, Li X, Zhang L, Ren L (2022) Flavonoids as potential antiviral agents for porcine viruses. Pharmaceutics 14:1793

• Zhao W, Liu Y, Latta M, Ma W, Wu Z, Chen P (2019) probiotics database: A potential source of fermented foods. Int J Food Prop 22(1):198–217

690+ VitaminDWiki Virus pages have VITAMIN D in the title

This list is automatically updated

{LIST()}

31+ VitaminDWiki Virus pages have ZINC or SELENIUM or PROBIOTICS in the title

This list is automatically updated

{LIST()}